Markt/Rathaus (Northeast Corner) – Roman Stone Reused in the Carolingian Königshalle

The name Aquae Granni, the Roman precursor of modern-day Aachen, points to Roman Aachen’s greatest asset: its hot springs! The mineral waters were quickly believed to have healing powers. Granni refers to Grannus, a Gallic deity associated with health and recovery. The earliest thermal baths date to around the turn of the millennium. From the outset, the Romans envisioned Aachen on a grand scale: even at its founding, the town had the air of a true city – 30 hectares in size, with wooden houses, thermal baths, and even a stone bathhouse with tiled roofs.

A City Growing Around Its Baths

In the early second century, Aquae Granni underwent a complete urban renewal. Emperor Trajan may have intended to elevate the vicus to a regional capital – a theory supported by stamped bricks and an inscription bearing his name. The original baths made way for a monumental square of more than 6,000 square metres, likely containing a forum and temple. Across the city, monumental new bath complexes were built.

Aquae Granni became one of the Roman Empire’s leading wellness centres and the only major spa in Germania Inferior.

Roman Stones in the Carolingian Königshalle

The prosperity of Aquae Granni is reflected not only in its baths and monumental forum, but also in the wealth of its citizens. At the northeast corner of the Markt/Rathaus, several Roman stone blocks were later reused in the Carolingian masonry of the Königshalle (aula regia). Among them is a fragment of a Roman funerary monument, complete with traces of an inscription and a decorative vine frieze. These stones provide a tangible link between the Roman city and its medieval successors, showing how the materials and memory of Aachen’s Roman past were incorporated into the city’s continued urban life.

Discover Roman Aachen on the VIA VIA Route, 2027

This site is part of the VIA VIA Roman City Walk route of Aachen, which guides visitors through the historic city centre past key archaeological highlights. Along the route, viewing windows and reconstructions reveal hidden traces of Roman Aachen, from walls and floors in the Elisengarten to the Münsterthermen inside Aachen Cathedral. Informative panels, multimedia displays, and encounters with Roman “characters” bring the city’s history to life, illustrating Roman administration, urban development, and bathing culture. The reused Roman stones at the Markt/Rathaus connect the Roman settlement to later periods, showing the continuity of urban life in Aachen across centuries.

Are you ready to take a walk?

“‘The city smells of rotten eggs,’ Julia grimaces. My daughter is right. The thermal baths of Aquae Granni may be healing, but their sulphurous stench is unbearable. It doesn’t seem to bother the bathers, though. Our cart moves forward at a crawl through a crowd of shuffling people and wagons piled high with wood. ‘Most of it is for the baths,’ says a dark-skinned man walking beside us. ‘Every day, the thermae and the underfloor heating of the rich devour another piece of the forest. The baths heal the body, but not nature,’ he sighs, before vanishing again into the throng. Quintus Iulius has come up with the idea of bottling the spring water and selling it at the markets of Germania Inferior. Personally, I’m just looking forward to sliding into the warm water for a few hours — and talking with people from all corners of the Empire. Perhaps I’ll overhear some news about the situation in Rome. They seem to change emperors every few months this year. Murder and decapitation — not even the most curative water can wash that away.” – Ammulva Iucunda